Regulación de la implantología dental en México / Regulation of dental implantology in Mexico

Introducción: los implantes dentales se han convertido en uno de los tratamientos odontológicos con mayor demanda en todo el mundo, no sólo por el nivel máximo de funcionalidad y de estética, sino también debido a su estabilidad, osteointegración y facilidad en su rehabilitación. Es incierto si los implantes dentales se encuentran normados formalmente en México, lo que motiva a la revisión del estado actual. Objetivo: evidenciar el estado actual de la legislación de la práctica de la implantología dental en México a través de una revisión en la literatura. Material y métodos: revisión de las legislaciones existentes en México para la aplicación de implantes dentales y su contraparte en el mundo a través de la evaluación de normas expedidas en América y Europa. Resultados: se contabilizó un total de 17 escuelas de implantes dentales que cuentan con el reconocimiento de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, de las cuales tres son públicas y 14 privadas. Se presentó una discrepancia en los planes de estudio que va de 16 a 36 meses. Las escuelas no contaron con un aval normativo. Las normas internacionales para control de calidad y aplicación de la tecnología en implantes se ubicaron en Canadá, Estados Unidos, España, Reino Unido y Francia. Conclusiones: contar con un antecedente normativo establecido por los países de primer mundo y ausente en México permite evidenciar la necesidad de implementar una Norma Oficial Mexicana que regule la fabricación, distribución y almacenamiento de los implantes dentales en México. A la vez, la revisión sugiere que la Secretaría de Educación Pública norme los créditos mínimos necesarios en las instituciones educativas reconocidas para la formación de recursos humanos que ejercen la implantología dental (AU)

Introduction: dental implants have become one of the dental treatments with the highest demand in the world, not only because of the highest level of functionality and aesthetics, but also because of their stability, osseointegration and ease of rehabilitation. It is uncertain if dental implants are formally regulated in Mexico, which motivates the review of the current status. Objective: to demonstrate the current state of the legislation for the practice of dental implantology in Mexico through a review of the literature. Material and methods: review of the existing legislation in Mexico, for the application of dental implants and its counterpart in the world, through the evaluation of standards issued in America and Europe. Results: a total of 17 dental implant schools that have the recognition of the Ministry of Public Education were counted, of which 3 are public and 14 private. There was a discrepancy in the study plans that ranged from 16 to 36 months. Schools will not have regulatory backing. The international standards for quality control and application of technology in implants were located in Canada, the United States, Spain, the United Kingdom and France. Conclusions: having a normative antecedent established by the countries of the first world and absent in Mexico, allows to demonstrate the need for the implementation of an Official Mexican Standard, which regulates the manufacture, distribution and storage of dental implants in Mexico. At the same time, the review suggests that the Ministry of Public Education regulate the minimum necessary credits in recognized educational institutions, for the training of human resources that practice dental implantology (AU)

Thermal effect of a 445 nm diode laser on five dental implant systems: an in vitro study.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the thermal effect of the 445 nm diode laser on five dental implant systems. In an ailing implant protocol, five commercial dental implant systems were subjected to 445 nm diode laser energy at different wattages [W], exposure times, and modes (continuous wave [CW] vs. pulsed and contact vs. non-contact) of laser beam delivery. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed the evaluation of irradiated implant surfaces. A total of 2880 temperature response curves were recorded. The 445 nm wavelength caused temperature increases of more than 10 °C at or above the 0.8 W power level working in CW mode for 5 s and in pulsed mode at 3 W for 20 s with 10% duty cycle. Highest rises in temperature were seen in the Straumann Pure ceramic implant, lowest in the Ankylos system. SEM analysis revealed no surface alteration in all systems in non-contact mode. The applied laser is not inherently safe for the decontamination of ailing implants. From the results of this study it was concluded that different dental implant materials and geometries show different temperature response curves when subjected to 445 nm diode laser energy. Clinicians ought to be aware of this. Therefore, manufacturers of laser devices should provide implant-specific laser parameters for the decontamination process. However, both laser irradiation systems can prevent harmful rises in temperature and surface alteration when used at moderate laser parameters.

Biomechanics in Removable Partial Dentures: A Literature Review of FEA-Based Studies.

The present study was aimed at reviewing the studies that used finite element analysis (FEA) to estimate the biomechanical stress arising in removable partial dentures (RPDs) and how to optimize it. A literature survey was conducted for the English full-text articles, which used only FEA to estimate the stress developed in RPDs from Jan 2000 to May 2021. In RPDs, the retaining and supporting structures are subjected to dynamic loads during insertion and removal of the prosthesis as well as during function. The majority of stresses in free-end saddle (FES) RPDs are concentrated in the shoulder of the clasp, the horizontal curvature of the gingival approaching clasp, and the part of the major connector next to terminal abutments. Clasps fabricated from flexible materials were beneficial to eliminate the stress in the abutment, while rigid materials were preferred for major connectors to eliminate the displacement of the prosthesis. In implant-assisted RPD, the implant receive the majority of the load, thereby reducing the stress on the abutment and reducing the displacement of the prosthesis. The amount of stress in the implant decreases with zero or minimal angulation, using long and wide implants, and when the implants are placed in the first molar area.

Management of systemic risk factors ahead of dental implant therapy: A beard well lathered is half shaved.

As the most successful therapy for missing teeth, dental implant has become increasingly prevalent around the world. A lot of papers have reported diverse local risk factors affecting the success and survival rate of dental implants, either for a short or a long period. However, there are also many types of systemic disorders or relatively administrated medicine that may jeopardize the security and success of dental implant treatment. Additionally, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic also poses a challenge to dental implant clinicians. Some of these risk factors are clinically common but to some extent unfamiliar to dentists, thus optimal measurements are often lacking when they occur in dental clinics. In this review, we analyze potential systemic risk factors that may affect the success rate of dental implants. Some of them may affect bone mineral density or enhance the likelihood of local infection, thus impeding osseointegration. Others may even systemically increase the risk of the surgery and threaten patients' life. In order to help novices receive high-risk patients who need to get dental implant treatment in a more reasonable way, we accordingly review recent research results and clinical experiments to discuss promising precautions, such as stopping drugs that impact bone mineral density or the operation, and addressing any perturbations on vital signs.

Plasma rico en fibrina e injerto conectivo en la instalación de un implante dental / Fibrin-rich plasma and connective tissue graft in dental implant installation

Introducción: Combinar tratamientos regenerativos con injertos de tejido blando impide que el tejido periimplantario se atrofie y altere la estética. Los resultados de esta combinación son discutidos en la literatura actual cuando se trata de implantes inmediatos. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento regenerativo combinando plasma rico en fibrina e injerto conectivo en la instalación de un implante dental en el sector anterosuperior. Presentación del caso: El paciente fue un varón de 40 años de edad sin antecedentes de enfermedades sistémicas, con trauma facial. Al examen clínico se observó una corona de porcelana fracturada a nivel cervical vestibular, secreción purulenta en proceso de cicatrización y contorno gingival alterado. En el examen radiográfico se evidenció una lesión periapical con aparente reabsorción radicular. Se extrajo el diente, se colocó plasma rico en fibrina para mejorar la cicatrización, se esperaron 6 semanas y se colocó un implante. Al cabo de 4 meses se realizó la segunda fase con un injerto de tejido conectivo y colocación del cicatrizal, se esperaron dos semanas y se colocó una corona de porcelana. Conclusiones: En el presente caso, la combinación de plasma rico en fibrina e injerto conectivo favoreció el aspecto estético periimplantario sin evidenciarse complicaciones durante el posoperatorio(AU)

Introduction: Combining regenerative treatments with soft tissue grafts prevents atrophy of the peri-implant tissue and alterations in esthetics. The results of this combination are discussed in the current literature. Objective: To describe the regenerative treatment, combining Fibrin-rich plasma and connective tissue graft in the installation of a dental implant in the upper anterior sector. Case presentation: Forty-year-old male patient with facial trauma. He has no history of systemic diseases. On clinical examination, a fractured porcelain crown was found at the vestibular cervical level. There was purulent discharge in the healing process and altered gingival contour. Radiographic examination revealed a periapical lesion with apparent root resorption. The tooth was extracted; fibrin-rich plasma was placed to improve healing. Six weeks after, an implant was placed. After the first four months, the second phase was performed with a connective tissue graft and placement of the scar tissue; two weeks after, a porcelain crown was placed. Conclusions: In the present case, the combination of Fibrin-rich plasma and connective tissue graft favored the peri-implant esthetic appearance without evidence of complications during the postoperative period(AU)

The patient experience of dental implant surgery: a literature review of pertinent qualitative studies.

This review aims to identify and summarise the findings of published qualitative studies relating to patients' experiences of dental implant surgery, by means of textual narrative synthesis. A comprehensive two-stage electronic and manual search of the literature identified relevant qualitative studies up to January 2020. Included primary studies (n = 15) used qualitative research methods including interviews and focus groups to investigate patients' experiences of dental implant treatment. They looked at the experience of tooth loss, the decision making process, the pre-implant experience, motivating factors and barriers for treatment and the post-implant experience with the prosthesis. There is a deficiency in the exploration of the patients' intraoperative dental surgical experience and the adjunctive effects of conscious sedation. The included studies give considerable insight into patients' experiences of the dental implant journey, which in the main, had overall positive consensus. The limited information available regarding patients' experience of the intra operative dental implant surgery with or without conscious sedation warrants further investigation. This information is a fundamental step to understanding the patients' preferences, needs and values and ultimately enhancing the quality of patient care.

Truncation compensation and metallic dental implant artefact reduction in PET/MRI attenuation correction using deep learning-based object completion.

The susceptibility of MRI to metallic objects leads to void MR signal and missing information around metallic implants. In addition, body truncation occurs in MR imaging for large patients who exceed the transaxial field-of-view of the scanner. Body truncation and metal artefacts translate to incomplete MRI-derived attenuation correction (AC) maps, consequently resulting in large quantification errors in PET imaging. In this work, we propose a deep learning-based approach to predict the missing information/regions in MR images affected by metallic artefacts and/or body truncation aiming at reducing quantification errors in PET/MRI. Twenty-five whole-body (WB) co-registered PET, CT, and MR images were used for training and evaluation of the object completion approach. CT-based attenuation corrected PET images were considered as reference for the quantitative evaluation of the proposed approach. Its performance was compared to the 3-class segmentation-based AC approach (containing background air, soft-tissue and lung) obtained from MR images. The metal-induced artefacts affected 8.1 ± 1.8% of the volume of the head region when using the 3-class AC maps. This error reduced to 0.9 ± 0.5% after application of object completion on MR images. Consequently, quantification errors in PET images reduced from -57.5 ± 11% to -18.5 ± 5% in the head region after metal artefact correction. The percentage of the torso volume affected by body truncation in the 3-class AC maps reduced from 9.8 ± 1.9% to 0.6 ± 0.3% after truncation compensation. PET quantification errors in the affected regions were also reduced from -45.5 ± 10% to -9.5 ± 3% after truncation compensation. The quantitative results demonstrated promising performance of the proposed approach towards the completion of MR images corrupted by metal artefacts and/or body truncation in the context of WB PET/MR imaging.

Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical behavior of peri-implant soft tissue.

The presence of foreign materials in the tissues, represented in the present study by the insertion of dental implants, creates artificial structures that can sometimes cause adverse consequences, which implies the obligation to perform a complex medical assessment before inserting dental implants. This assessment appreciates the quality of the tissue, depending on which the use of a certain type of biomaterial is indicated and focuses on a certain surgical technique. We assessed the clinical, histopathological (HP) and immunohistochemical (IHC) aspects of peri-implant soft tissue in patients who did not show mobility or imagistic signs of bone resorption, three months after implant insertion, some of them showing no inflammatory clinical signs. Immunohistochemically, on the sections of the peri-implant mucosa, we assessed the presence of mast cells, vascularization and the process of angiogenesis. Mast cells are key cells actively involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implant inflammation, having an immunomodulatory role. Vasodilation and angiogenesis, determined by the release of chemical mediators by degranulation of mast cells under the action of pathogens, induce tissue remodeling, ensuring the healing and formation of a tissue to form a barrier that effectively prevents the development of a bacterial biofilm. Thus, the control of the activity of these cells is important for the management of the local inflammatory process. The correlations between the clinical, HP and IHC behavior of the peri-implant soft tissue bring important information for the clinic, emphasizing the need to identify a therapeutic strategy to modulate mast cell activity, in order to prevent and treat peri-implant disease, to ensure osseointegration and longer survival of the dental implant.

The color stability and wear resistance of provisional implant restorations: A prospective clinical study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present clinical study was to determine the stability of color and resistance against abrasion and attrition of provisional single implant restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of 16 patients were treated with provisional crowns made of Telio CAD. Shortly before the insertion the crowns were photographed and scanned using a 3D-laser scanner. After 8 weeks of clinical usage, the crowns were photographed and scanned again. The vertical occlusal wear and color changes between the restorations were measured. RESULTS: The occlusal plane of the original crown showed a statistically significant reduction of 0.052 mm ± 0.037 mm 8 weeks after placement (p < .05). For the stability of color, a change in red, green and blue was described. All three scopes (red, green and blue) showed a statistically significant reduction (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective clinical study showed that Telio CAD experienced a significant occlusal reduction and color change after an intraoral placement of 8 weeks.

Clinical Performance of Short Expandable Dental Implants for Oral Rehabilitation in Highly Atrophic Alveolar Bone: 3-year Results of a Prospective Single-Center Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) is compromised during the post-implant healing period, especially when vertical augmentation is required. A long-term trial sought to evaluate a short dental implant system with an apically expandable macro-design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over 4.5 years, patients with limited vertical alveolar bone were consecutively recruited into this prospective cohort study. Implant success rate, OHRQOL (Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14), implant stability, and crestal bone changes were evaluated. RESULTS: Data from 30 patients (mean age: 64.6 years, range 44-83) were analyzed, which related to 104 implants (53 in the maxilla, 51 in the mandible). Over the mean follow-up (42.6 ± 16.4 months), the implant success rate was 94.7% in the mandible (two implants lost) and 83.6% in the maxilla (four implants lost; p = 0.096), and the prosthetic success rate was 100%. The median OHIP-14 scores improved from 23 (interquartile range (IQR) 9-25.5) to 2 (IQR 0-5; p < 0.001). The mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) was 71.2 ± 10.6 for primary stability and 73.7 ± 13.3 (p = 0.213) for secondary stability, without significant maxilla-versus-mandible differences (p ≥ 0.066). Compared to the baseline, median crestal bone changes after loading were 1.0 mm (IQR 0-1.3) and 1.0 mm (IQR 0.2-1.2) in the maxilla and mandible (p = 0.508), respectively, at the end of the first year, 1.1 mm (IQR 0-1.3) and 1.0 mm (IQR 0.1-1.2) (p = 0.382), respectively, at the end of the second year, and 1.2 mm (IQR 0-1.9) and 1.1 mm (IQR 0.1-1.2) (p = 0.304), respectively, at the end of the third year. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with limited vertical bone height, short implants with optimized macro-design constitute a reliable method for functional rehabilitation, avoiding extensive alveolar bone augmentation.

Design and ex vivo characterization of narrow implants with custom piezo-activated osteotomy for patients with substantial bone loss.

OBJECTIVE: Bone augmentation delays implant placement and increases risks due to additional surgeries. Implant systems compatible with reduced alveolar bone volume are required. To design, manufacture, and test a non-cylindrical dental implant system using piezotomes and custom-designed matching titanium mini-implants to address the needs of patients with missing teeth and narrow jawbone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tapered mini-implants with a rectangular cross-section (4.6 mm × 2.1 mm) were machined with dimensions that could accommodate narrow alveolar ridges. The performance of the implants were tested in both static and fatigue cycle 30° compression tests. Tapered, rectangular cutting tools that matched the overall trapezoidal morphology of the implant were also designed. These novel tools were engineered to be compatible with commercially available piezoelectric osteotomes. Tools were optimized using finite element analysis and were manufactured accordingly and were used by a periodontal surgery team in a pork rib bone model to monitor utility of the device and ease of use. RESULTS: The rectangular design of the implant allows for a full occlusal load due to the larger implant flexural rigidity compared to a similar diameter mini-implant with a standard cylindrical design. During 30° compression fatigue tests, the implant tested at 340 N did not fail after 5M cycles as shown in Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Finite element analysis allowed for functional optimization of the roughing and finishing tools. In the pork rib model, these tools successfully cut trapezoidal holes that matched the dimensions of the implant. CONCLUSIONS: The implant system here demonstrates the feasibility of a mini-implant system that has superior flexural rigidity and potentially circumvents the need for patient bone augmentation.

Efficacy of deep convolutional neural network algorithm for the identification and classification of dental implant systems, using panoramic and periapical radiographs: A pilot study.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a particular type of deep learning architecture, are positioned to become one of the most transformative technologies for medical applications. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of deep CNN algorithm for the identification and classification of dental implant systems.A total of 5390 panoramic and 5380 periapical radiographic images from 3 types of dental implant systems, with similar shape and internal conical connection, were randomly divided into training and validation dataset (80%) and a test dataset (20%). We performed image preprocessing and transfer learning techniques, based on fine-tuned and pre-trained deep CNN architecture (GoogLeNet Inception-v3). The test dataset was used to assess the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic curve, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and confusion matrix compared between deep CNN and periodontal specialist.We found that the deep CNN architecture (AUC = 0.971, 95% confidence interval 0.963-0.978) and board-certified periodontist (AUC = 0.925, 95% confidence interval 0.913-0.935) showed reliable classification accuracies.This study demonstrated that deep CNN architecture is useful for the identification and classification of dental implant systems using panoramic and periapical radiographic images.

Osteogenic inducer sustained-release system promotes the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts on titanium surface.

OBJECTIVE: Biomaterial can be locally applied to promote the osseointegration of dental implants. This study aimed to fabricate an osteogenic inducer (OI) sustained-release system and to evaluate its effects on the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts on titanium surfaces. METHODS: First of all, different contents of OI solution were added to the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) gel individually to investigate the best physical properties and drug-release rate. Moreover, osteoblasts were isolated from the calvaria of two-month-old New Zealand rabbits through sequential enzymatic digestion. Osteoblasts were seeded onto the surface of Ti disks (control group), Ti coated with PLGA gel (PLGA group), and Ti coated with the OI sustained-release system (PLGA+OI group). Cell adhesion was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Cell proliferation was analyzed by cell counting kit-8. Cell differentiation was tested by alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteogenic-related gene expression. RESULTS: The OI sustained-release system contained 15% OI solution had appropriate physical properties and drug-release rate. The osteoblasts in the PLGA+OI group were in a typical spindle shape with a considerable number indicating the promotion of adhesion and proliferation. The expression of early and late stage osteoblast differentiation genes in the PLGA+OI group were significantly higher than that of the control group and PLGA group at each time point. The PLGA group showed accelerated adhesion and differentiation but reduced proliferation compared with the control. CONCLUSION: The OI sustained-release system promotes the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts on titanium surfaces. This system is a cost-effective osteoconductive biomaterial that might be promising for use in dental implantation.

Marginal bone loss around bone-level and tissue-level implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To review the scientific evidence regarding the marginal bone loss around the tissue-level and bone-level implants. METHODS: MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for the relevant English articles (up to February 2019) assessing the marginal bone loss (MBL) as the primary outcome. To be selected, studies were supposed to directly mention "tissue-level" and "bone-level" implants or implants with and without a smooth neck. Relevant data were extracted and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of implant neck design. RESULTS: A total of 19 studies (10 clinical, and 9 RCT studies) were included for qualitative analysis. There was a vast heterogeneity between studies in terms of implant designs and study protocol. Out of 19 articles included, 11 studies reached to a statistically significant difference in MBL between the groups; however, the differences were not found to be clinically relevant. Bone-level implants with platform-switched abutments in most of the cases showed better marginal bone stability compared to tissue-level implants or bone-level implants with matching abutments. Seven RCTs with 12 months follow-up data were selected for meta-analysis (I2=93%; heterogeneous), and the results showed less MBL around bone-level implants compared to tissue-level group (WMD=-0.21mm; 95% CI -0.42, 0.00; P=0.06). CONCLUSION: The available data regarding comparison of MBL around bone-level and tissue-level implants are heterogeneous. Bone-level implants with platform switching may better preserve crestal bone.

Definition of a drilling protocol for mini dental implants in different bone qualities.

Mini dental implants (MDI) have proven to be a good alternative of the conventional implants to support lower overdentures in elderly edentulous patients with narrow residual ridge. The aim of the present study was to define drilling protocols for each diameter of the MDI in each bone quality. The number and the diameter of the drilling bur and the drilling depth was investigated. A total of 48 MDIs with a ball head and transgingival collar were used to the drilling protocol in four different bone qualities (Q1-Q4). All available four diameters of the implants were included: 1.8mm, 2.1mm, 2.4mm, and 2.9mm. The length of all implants was 15mm. Three different protocols were prepared for each of the four bone qualities and for each implant diameter. The insertion torques and the primary stability of the implants were measured in their final position. Regardless of implant diameter and bone quality, the insertion torque was significantly higher using drilling protocol 1 than 3 and using drilling protocol 2 than 3 as well. The insertion torque was significantly higher in bone quality Q1 than in Q2-Q4. The unscrewing resulted in considerably increase in the torque, which exceeded the insertion torques by up to two times. This repeatedly led to the bending and fractures of implants.

Comparison of stress distribution in partially and completely edentulous mandibles around splinted and non-splinted implant prostheses: A finite element study.

BACKGROUND: In some treatments using multiple dental implants, the implants are inserted in the bone with splinted or non-splinted implant prostheses. There are some reports about the influence of the splinted and non-splinted implants on stress distribution in the bone using the finite element method (FEM), and there is a controversy in the literature regarding whether the splinted or non-splinted implants prostheses reduce the stress generated on the implant-surrounding bone more efficiently. Additionally, the simple shape of the jaw bones with limited bone area was used for FEM analysis in many studies at the expense of accurate analysis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in stress distribution in the bone between the splinted and non-splinted implants, and between completely and partially edentulous mandibles. METHODS: The implants were inserted in the first premolar, second premolar, and first molar regions of the partial and complete mandibles, and the splinted and non-splinted crowns were attached to the implants. Vertical load (100 N) or oblique load (70 N, 30° from its long axis towards the lingual) was applied on the first premolar. RESULTS: When vertical load was applied to the partially edentulous mandible model, the stress was concentrated intensively on the cortical bone around the first premolar regardless of whether splinted or non-splinted implants were used. On the other hand, the vertical load applied to the completely edentulous mandible model caused the stress to be concentrated intensively on the cortical bone around the first premolar with non-splinted implants. With respect to the oblique load, the stress was concentrated intensively on the cortical bone around the first premolar only with the non-splinted implants, in both the partial and complete mandibles. CONCLUSION: This study shows the different stress distributions of the cortical bone around the implants between the partial and complete mandible. This indicates that the complete mandible should be used for the analysis of bone stress distribution around the implants using FEM.

Dental Implants in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review.

Background and Objectives: To integrate the available published data on patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) rehabilitated with dental implants, as well as to review the recommendations for OLP patients receiving implants. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was undertaken in February 2019 using five databases. Publications reporting cases of patients with OLP and rehabilitated with implant-supported oral prosthesis were included. Results: Twenty-two publications were included (230 patients, 615 implants). The overall implant failure rate was 13.9% (85/610). In patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) the failure rate was 90.6% (29/32), but none of these implants lost osseointegration; instead, the implants were removed together with the tumor. One study presented a very high implant failure rate, 76.4% (42/55), in patients with "active lichen planus", with all implants failing between 7-16 weeks after implant placement, and its conflicting and incongruent results are discussed in detail. There was a statistically significant difference between the failure rates in implants installed in different jaws (maxilla/mandible) and when implants of different surfaces were used (turned/moderately rough), but not between patients with reticular or erosive OLP types, or between male and female patients. If OSCC patients and the cases of the latter study are not considered, then the failure rate becomes very low (2.7%, 14/523). The time between implant placement and failure was 25.4 ± 32.6 months (range 1-112). The mean ± SD follow-up was 58.9 ± 26.7 months (1-180). Conclusions: When the results of the one study with a very high failure rate and of the cases that developed OSCC are not considered, the dental implant failure rate in OLP patients was 2.7% after a follow-up of approximately five years. Recommendations are given when treating OLP patients with dental implants.

The effect of diameter, length and elastic modulus of a dental implant on stress and strain levels in peri-implant bone: A 3D finite element analysis.

This study investigated the effect of three different parameters of a dental implant on stress and strain values in the peri-implant bone by finite element analysis. In this work, the effect of diameter, length and elastic modulus on the biomechanical behavior of a new dental implant was simulated using the finite element method. A three-dimensional model of a mandible segment corresponding to the premolar region and twelve dental implant models were obtained. Loads in three directions were distributed on the surface of the coronal area of the dental implants. The dental implant models were obtained in the FreeCAD 0.16 software and the simulations were made using the Abaqus/CAE software. In all cases, higher stress concentrations were obtained in the peri-implant cortical bone between 40.6 and 62.8 MPa, while the highest levels of strain were observed in the peri-implant trabecular bone between 0.002544 and 0.003873. In general, the highest von Mises equivalent stress values were observed in the peri-implant cortical bone. However, in this bone, both the maximum von Mises equivalent stress values and the von Mises strain are similar or inferior to those reported in different studies by finite element for other models of dental implants under immediate loading. Maximum von Mises strain values were observed in peri-implant trabecular bone. However, in this bone strains levels were obtained that maintain bone density or increase it. The effect of the three simulated variables (implant diameter, length, and elastic modulus) have a statistically significant influence on the von Mises equivalent stress and in von Mises strain values.

Improvement of osseointegration by recruiting stem cells to titanium implants fabricated with 3D printing.

Slow and incomplete osseointegration and loss of osseointegration are major problems in dental and bone implants. We designed implants with interconnected 3D-tubulous structures and hypothesized that such interconnecting 3D (I3D) structures would serve as a repository for chemoattractants to recruit stem cells to promote osseointegration. A concept Laser Mlab-cusing-R laser-powder-bed-fusion (LPBF) 3D printing system was used to produce titanium implants with designed features. The implants were loaded (coated) with stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), and subjected to stem cell recruitment. Implants were then surgically transplanted into the rabbit skull bone. After 12 weeks, osseointegration was analyzed by reverse-torque test and the implants were examined for calcium deposition by Alizarin Red staining. The I3D implants attracted significantly more stem cells than solid implants when coated (loaded) with SDF-1α. Greater torque force was needed to extract the I3D implants with 200 and 300 µm I3D structures than to extract solid implants from the skull. Generally, more calcium deposition was observed on the I3D implants than on the solid counterparts. LPBF 3D printing can be used to fabricate implants with complex structures. I3D-tubulous structures of implants can retain chemoattractant for recruitment of stem cells to enhance osseointegration.